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| Model | Description | Example | |-------|-------------|---------| | | Platform liable once infringing content is identified. | Traditional broadcast. | | Safe Harbor | Immunity if platform acts promptly on takedown notices and lacks actual knowledge. | YouTube’s DMCA compliance. | | Co‑Responsibility | Platforms share liability when they facilitate distribution (e.g., P2P nodes). | EU’s “Online Platforms Directive” (2021). |