Wrap two separate coils of wire around a shared iron ring. Send changing current (AC) into coil #1 → it creates a changing magnetic field in the iron → that changing field induces voltage in coil #2.
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Exactly the same as a transformer, but the “iron ring” is replaced by air. A coil in the charging pad creates an oscillating magnetic field. A coil in your phone picks it up and converts it back to current. Distance kills efficiency. Wrap two separate coils of wire around a shared iron ring