: Ansoff pioneered the "2+2=5" concept. He argued that business units should share resources to create more value together than they would alone.
In the early 1960s, most companies operated via "long-range planning," which essentially involved looking at last year’s budget and adding 5%. Ansoff argued that this was insufficient in a changing world. ansoff corporate strategy 1965 pdf
If you are looking for the PDF for academic citation, the standard reference is: : Ansoff pioneered the "2+2=5" concept