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Significant legal shifts are occurring globally:

The tension between these two views often centers on . A welfare advocate might seek to pass laws for larger cages for egg-laying hens. An animal rights advocate would argue that the cage shouldn't exist at all, as the hen has a right not to be property. Conclusion Significant legal shifts are occurring globally: The tension

(ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering). Aristotle argued that nature had made all animals

Transitioning from theory to practice requires legal innovation. if an animal is property

For over two millennia, Western philosophy largely relegated animals to the status of automata or resources. Aristotle argued that nature had made all animals for the sake of humans, while Descartes famously posited that animals were mere machines devoid of consciousness. It was not until Jeremy Bentham’s 1789 query—“The question is not, Can they reason ? nor, Can they talk ? but, Can they suffer ?”—that a systematic ethical framework for animals emerged.

Welfarism does not challenge the property status of animals. As legal scholar Gary Francione notes, if an animal is property, its interests will always be subordinate to the owner’s economic interests. A “humane” slaughterhouse is still a slaughterhouse. Utilitarianism’s aggregative calculus can, in theory, justify suffering if it produces a greater net pleasure for humans. Thus, welfare theory manages cruelty but legitimizes killing.