Rctd-031 -

Radiative‑cooling thermoelectric devices (RCTDs) exploit the temperature gradient between a surface that passively emits infrared radiation to deep space and an underlying thermoelectric (TE) module to generate electricity without external fuel. Here we present , the latest generation of this technology, featuring a multilayer metasurface that achieves a net radiative‑cooling power of 105 W m⁻² under clear‑sky conditions, coupled to a high‑performance Bi₂Te₃‑based TE leg array optimized for low‑temperature operation. Laboratory and field tests demonstrate a peak power density of 6.2 mW cm⁻² , a conversion efficiency of 3.1 % , and continuous operation for more than 10,000 h with less than 1 % performance degradation. RCTD‑031 represents a viable route toward off‑grid power generation for Internet‑of‑Things (IoT) sensors, remote environmental monitoring stations, and low‑power communication relays.

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is the result of a five‑year collaborative effort aimed at overcoming the three critical barriers: (i) maximizing net radiative cooling power under realistic sky conditions, (ii) engineering TE legs that maintain high ZT in the low‑ΔT regime, and (iii) integrating the system in a robust, manufacturable package. RCTD‑031 represents a viable route toward off‑grid power