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The bridge between these two schools of thought is . Modern science has proven that many animals—not just mammals, but birds, cephalopods (like octopuses), and even some insects—possess the capacity to feel pain, joy, and boredom.

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The scientific consensus has shifted dramatically. Major declarations (e.g., Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, 2012) confirm that mammals, birds, and many invertebrates (e.g., octopuses, crabs) possess the neurological substrates for consciousness and pain perception. The bridge between these two schools of thought is