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For decades, traditional Dhamaal faced severe pressure. Under Siad Barre’s Marxist regime (1969–1991), all Sufi orders were suppressed as “backward” and “obscurantist.” Later, during the civil war and the rise of armed groups like Al-Shabaab (which views Sufi shrine-visiting and music as bid’a —heretical innovation), public Dhamaal became dangerous. Many Sufi sheikhs were killed, and their mal’amats destroyed. dhamaal af somali